CHAPTER 1: SEPARATE CASE FROM BASE
1. Every noun can be divided into a base and
a case.
2. Here are most of the cases we will
meet in Latin.
2. Here are most of the cases we will
meet in Latin.
|
CASES |
|
a, ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās |
|
us,
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
um,
ī, ō, a, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
er,
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
?, is,
ī, em, e, ēs, um, ibus |
|
is, ī, em, ī, ēs, ium, ibus, īs |
|
?, is, ī, e, a, um, ibus |
|
us, ūs, uī,
um, uum, ū, ibus |
|
ēs, eī, em, ē, ērum,
ēbus |
Divide each of the following words into base and case.
1. poētīs 2. poētārum 3. Perseō
4. Perseus 5. Iovis 6. Iovem
7. deōrum 8. deum 9. nepōtum
10. nepōtem
Exercise 2
1. ōrāculum 2. ōrācula 3. infantem
4. infantis 5. arcā 6. arcam
7. marium 8. maribus 9. tempestātēs
10. tempestātibus
Exercise 3
1. mātre 2. mātris 3. sinuum
4. sinū 5. Perseum 6. Perseī
7. fīliī 8. fīliōs 9. seriēs
10. diērum
CHAPTER 2: PREDICT TO WHICH DECLENSION THE NOUN BELONGS
1. As in most languages, Latin nouns belong to groups.
2. These groups are called DECLENSIONS.
3. Here is a table we can use to tell which declension nouns belong to.
|
DECLENSIONS |
CASES |
|
1st |
a, ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās |
|
2nd |
us,
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
2nd |
um,
ī, ō, a, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
3rd |
?, is,
ī, em, e, ēs, a, um, ibus |
|
4th |
us, ūs, uī,
um, uum, ū, ibus |
|
5th |
ēs, eī, em, ē, ērum,
ēbus |
Example 1. Virōs apparently belongs to the 2nd declension, because the ending ōs is found only in the 2nd declension rows.
Example 2. Oppida apparently may belong to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension, because the ending a is found in those rows.
To which
declension might the following nouns belong?
1. poētīs
2. Perseō
3. Perseus
4. fīlius
5. Iovis
6. deōrum
7. avus
8. Acrisius
9. Perseum
10. nepōtem
11. ōrāculum
12. puerum
13. infantem
14. mātre
15. arcā
16. arcam
17. mare
18. Perseī
19. māter
20. tempestās
21. sinū
22. mātris
CHAPTER 3: PREDICT THE DICTIONARY FORM (1)
1. Most nouns have ten officially different
forms and five to eight unique forms.
Ex1. Nauta, nautae,
nautae, nautam, nautā, nautae, nautārum, nautīs,
nautās, nautīs.
2. All nouns have a dictionary form.
Ex2. Nauta is the DF of Ex1.
3. The remaining forms (nautae, nautae, nautam,
nautā, nautae, nautārum, nautīs, nautās, nautīs) are the oblique forms.
4. To predict the DF, we use the following table.
|
Declension |
DICTIONARY FORM |
Oblique cases |
|
1st |
a |
ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās |
|
2nd
(us) |
us |
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
2nd (um) |
um |
ī, ō, um,
a, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
4th
(m/f) |
us |
ūs, uī, um,
uum, ū, ibus |
|
5th |
ēs |
eī, em, ē, ēs, ērum,
ēbus |
5. Exercise 1.
Predict the DF of the following nouns.
Follow in detail the following four steps:
1. Separate the case from the base.
2. Locate -ōrum in the noun table.
3. Predict the first principal part by applying the DF endings to the base.
4. Check the dictionary.
1. poētīs
2. poētārum
3. Perseō
4. Perseus
5. sinuum
6. sinū
7. deōrum
8. deum
9. seriēs
10. seriērum
11. ōrāculum
12. ōrācula
13. fīliōs
14. fīliī
15. arcā
16. arcam
17. Perseum
18. Perseī
CHAPTER 4: LEXICAL BASE VS. OBLIQUE BASE
1. Inspect the chart from Chapter 3.
|
Declension |
LEXICAL CASE |
Oblique cases |
|
1st |
a |
ae, am, ā, ārum, īs, ās |
|
2nd
(us) |
us |
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
2nd (um) |
um |
ī, ō, um,
a, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
2nd (r) |
er |
ī, ō, um, ōrum, īs, ōs |
|
3rd consonant-stem |
? |
is, ī, em, e, ēs, um, ibus, īs |
|
3rd i-stem |
is, ēs, es |
is, ī, em, ī, ēs, ium, ibus, īs |
|
3rd
neuter |
? |
is, ī, ?, e, a, um, ibus |
|
4th
(m/f) |
us |
ūs, uī, um,
uum, ū, ibus |
|
5th |
ēs |
eī, em, ē, ēs, ērum,
ēbus |
2. Note that in the 3rd declension consonant stems and neuter we find question marks on two of the three rows. Those question marks are there because in those sub-classes there are in fact no regular endings as we find in the 3rd declension i-stem and all the other declensions.
3. This is because 3rd declension nouns have two kinds of base: the lexical base and the oblique base.
4. The lexical base is the base used in the DF.
5. The oblique base is used in oblique cases cases.
6. Though the two are usually different, they are related. Occasionally they are the same.
Ex. The DF of infant is infans. The oblique forms are infantis, infantī, infantem, infantī, infantēs, infantium, infantibus. Clearly the DF base is infans and the oblique base is infant-.
Exercise 1
Identify the lexical and oblique bases of the following words.
1. hortus hortī hortō hortum hortōrum hortīs hortōs
2. mōnstrum mōnstrī mōnstrō mōnstrum mōnstrōrum mōnstrīs mōnstra
3. rādīx rādīcis rādīcī rādīcem rādīce rādīcēs rādīcum rādīcibus
4. caput capitis capitī caput capite capita capitum capitibus
5. cōnsul cōnsulis cōnsulī cōnsulem cōnsule cōnsulēs cōnsulum cōnsulibus
Exercise 2
Identify the lexical and oblique bases of the following words.
1. homō hominis hominī hominem homine hominēs hominum hominibus
2. cor cordis cordī corde corda cordum cordibus
3. genus generis generī genus genere genera generum generibus
4. imber imbris imbrī imbrem imbrī imbrēs imbrium imbribus
5. turris turrī turrim turrem turrī turre turrēs turrium turribus turrīs
Exercise 3
Identify the lexical and oblique bases of the following words.
1. puerus puerī puerō puerum puerōrum puerīs puerōs
2. māter mātrī mātrem mātre mātrēs mātrum mātribus
3. sinus sinūs sinuī sinum sinū sinuum sinubus
4. dux ducis ducī ducem ducēs ducum ducibus
5. seriēs serieī seriēbus seriē seriērum seriem
6. animāl animālis animālī animālia animālium
animālibus
animālibus
7. arca arcae arcam arcā arcīs arcās
8. avus avī avō avum avōrum avīs avōs
9. tempestās tempestātī tempestātem tempestāte tempestātēs tempestātum tempestātibus
10. nepōs nepōtī nepōtem nepōte nepōtēs nepōtum nepōtibus
Exercise 4
Using your knowledge of English, predict the oblique base.
1. damnum (harm, injury)
2. dēns (tooth)
3. deus (god)
4. discrīmen (crisis, peril, danger)
5. discus (discus)
6. dolor (pain, grief; anger)
7. dracō (dragon, snake)
8. dux (leader, commander)
9. adulēscēns (young man)
10. ars (art)
11. bōs (cow)
CHAPTER 5: PREDICT THE FIRST PRINCIPAL PART (2)
1. From Chapter 4 we see that it is harder to obtain the DF of a 3rd declension noun because the lexical and the oblique bases are usually not the same.
2. We reduce an oblique base to a lexical base on the following method.
a. Let the beginning of a 3rd declension noun be symbolized as ⌂ (which looks like a home base in baseball).
b. Let the cases (only is, ī, em, e, ēs, um, ium, ibus, īs!) be symbolized as -.
c. Let one to three letters to the left of the case be the tail, in accordance with the table below.
d. Match the results against the oblique tail column, then change the base-tail accordingly.
e. Check the dictionary for the DF.
OBLIQUE TAIL LEXICAL TAIL
⌂ārr- ⌂ār
⌂ass- ⌂ās
⌂b- ⌂bs
⌂br- ⌂ber
⌂c- ⌂x
⌂ic- ⌂ex
⌂ct- ⌂x
⌂d- ⌂s
⌂ēn- ⌂ēn
⌂er- ⌂us
⌂g- ⌂x
⌂id- ⌂es
⌂in- ⌂is
⌂in- ⌂en
⌂ip- ⌂eps
⌂it- ⌂es
⌂l- ⌂l
⌂ōn- ⌂ō
⌂ŏr- ⌂ur
⌂ŏr- ⌂us
⌂ōr- ⌂ŏr
⌂p- ⌂ps
⌂p- ⌂pis
⌂r- ⌂r
⌂r- ⌂s
⌂rd- ⌂r
⌂t- ⌂s
⌂tr- ⌂ter
⌂up- ⌂eps
Ex1. Litus. The us of lītus is not among is, ī, em, e, ēs, um, ibus, īs, so it cannot be dropped. We do find us in the lexical tail column, so we identify litus as the DF.
Ex2. Vultur. Vultur has no case. Since ⌂r is a lexical tail, we conclude that vultur is the DF.
Ex3. Urbem. Let - = em. Then the base tail of urbem is found on the table is b, so ⌂ =
Ex4. Fārre. Let - = e. Then the base tail of fārr- either r or ārr. Then the oblique symbol is either ⌂r- or ⌂ārr-. We decide to go with the longer version and find that an oblique form in ⌂ārr- becomes ⌂ār in the lexical form. Therefore, the DF is fār.
Ex5. Corpora. We see that - = a and that corpo = ⌂. Consulting the table, we look for oblique base tails in ⌂r-. We find that there are two possibilities: ⌂r and ⌂s. So either we find corpos or corpor. Neither appear in the dictionary. We then try letting ⌂ = or. Again we have two choices: ⌂ur and ⌂us. So either we find corpur or corpus. Corpur is not in the dictionary, so corpus wins.
7. Crucial to Ex3 above is the recollection that a few nouns may offer more than one base tail. The best way to deal with this is to choose the longer base tail first. However, the habit of the Romans to use some words more than others will make this entire aspect of the business pretty predictable after a while.
Exercise 1
Reduce to DF.
1. Aethiopum
2. urbem
3. falce
4. rēgis
5. nepōtem
6. infantem
7. tempestās
8. quiētem
9. continentem
10. celeritāte
11. salūtis
12. partīs
13. capita
14. pedibus
15. regiōne
16. Gorgonibus
17. mātrem
18. patrī
19. aere
20. certāminis
21. lītus
22. tempore
23. corpus
24. piscātōre
25. sorōrēs
26. pavor
27. dolōris
28. timōrem
29. terrōre
30. uxōre
31. honōre
32. spectātōrēs
33. vulnus
34. hominēs
35. virgō
Exercise 2
Reduce to DF.
1. artī
2. nōmine
3. iter
4. tempore
5. mōs
6.
7. fār
8. capitibus
9. sacerdōtem
10. adulēscēns
11. gēns
12. bovēs
13. capita
14. aurīs
15. gentīs
16. clāmōrem
17. frātre
18. nocte
19. exercitātiōnibus
20. serpentīs
21. hominum
22. lūmen
23. partem
CHAPTER 6: THE SECOND PRINCIPAL PART
1. Previously you learned that the dictionary form (DF) is the first principal part.
2. The DF is also the form that a noun takes when it does some action.
Exercise 1
Which noun is doing the action in the following sentences?
1. The boy kicked the rock.
2. He went home.
3. A bird was feeding on the lawn.
4. The doctor inspected the patient’s appendix curiously.
5. The sun set quickly.
2. The second principal part is the form taken by a noun when it is MARKED as the possessor of something.
Exercise 2
Which noun is the possessor of something in the following sentences?
1. He saw his friend.
2. Tim’s car was stolen.
3. The thief stole the boys’ hats.
4. Their dog was found that afternoon.
5. The dog stole her hat.
3. The second principal part is used in Latin to group nouns into declensions. (Sorry for the circularity, but a declension is a group of nouns.)
|
DECLENSION |
2ND PRINCIPAL PART |
|
1st |
ae |
|
2nd |
ī |
|
3rd |
is |
|
4th |
ūs |
|
5th |
eī |
Exercise 3
To which declension does each noun belong?
1. Absyrtus, Absyrtī, m., Absyrtus
2. Acastus, Acastī, m., Acastus
3. aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle
4. Acrisius, Acrisiī, m., Acrisius.
5. Admēta, Admētae, f., Admeta
6. adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m., young man
7. adulēscentia, adulēscentiae, f., youth
8. adventus, adventūs, m., approach, arrival
9. Aeacus, Aeacī, m., Aeacus
10. aedis, aedis, f., sing. temple, plur. house
11. Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes
12. Aegyptiī, Aegyptiōrum, m. pl., Egyptians
13.
14. Aeolus, Aeolī, m., Aeolus
15. āēr, āeris, m., air
16. aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze
17. Aeson, Aesonis, m., Aeson
18. aestās, aestātis, f., summer
19. aetās, aetātis, f., age
20. Aethiopēs, Aethiopum, m. plur., Ethiopians
21.
22. ager, agri, m., field, land
23. āgmen, agminis, n., band, column
24. ala, alae, f., wing
25. Alcmēna, Alcmēnae, f., Alcmena
26. aliquantum, aliquantī, n., somewhat
27. Alpēs, Alpium, f. plur.,
28. Amāzonēs, Amāzonum, f. plur.,Amazons
29. āmentia, āmentiae, f., madness
30. amīcus, amīcī, m., friend
31. amor, amōris, m., love
32. amphora, amphorae, f., jar, bottle
33. ancora, ancorae, f., anchor
34. Andromeda, Andromedae, f., Andromeda
35. anguis, anguis, m. and f., serpent, snake
36. anima, animae, f., breath, soul, life
37. animus, animī, m., mind; heart; spirit, courage
38. annus, annī, m., year
39. antrum, antrī, n., cave
40. aper, aprī, m., wild boar
4. The DF is translated by its dictionary content. E.g., the DF oppidum is translated as “town.”
5. The 2nd principal part of a noun is translated by putting “of” in front of the the dictionary content. E.g., the meaning of oppidī is “of town.”
Exercise 4
Translate the first two principal parts of Exercise 3.
6. The third principal part is the gender of the noun. M. = masculine, n. = neuter and f. = feminine. C. = common (masculine or feminine).
CHAPTER 7: THE 3RD DECLENSION I-STEMS
1. 3rd declension i-stems are distinctive for three reasons.
2. First, the letter i shows up more often in lexical and oblique forms.
Exercise 1
Which of the following nouns are possibly i-stems based on the relatively larger number of i’s in noun forms?
1. animāl animālis animālī animālia animālium
animālibus
animālibus
2. cōnsul cōnsulis cōnsulī cōnsulem cōnsule cōnsulēs cōnsulum cōnsulibus
3. cor cordis cordī corde corda cordum cordibus
4. genus generis generī genus genere genera generum generibus
5. homō hominis hominī hominem homine hominēs hominum hominibus imber imbris imbrī imbrem imbrī imbrēs imbrium imbribus
6. turris turris turrī turrim turrem turrī turre turrēs turrium turribus turrīs
3. Second, 1st and 2nd principal parts have same number of syllables, unlike most nouns in the 3rd declension.
Exercise 2
Which of the following 3rd declension nouns are possibly i-stems based on the number of syllables in both principal parts?
1. aedis, aedis, temple (sg.), house (pl.)
2. aestās, aestātis, summer
3. aetās, aetātis, age
4. āgmen, agminis, band, column
5. Amāzonēs, Amāzonum, Amazons
6. amor, amōris, love
7. anguis, anguis, snake
8. cadāver, cadāveris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass
9. caedēs, caedis, f., cutting down, killing, slaughter
10.
3. Third, the lexical and oblique bases of the 3rd declension parisyllabic nouns are identical.
Exercise 3
Which of the following 3rd declension nouns are possibly i-stems based on the identity of their lexical and oblique bases?
1. Apollo, Apollinis, Apollo
2. arbor, arboris, tree
3. ars, artis, art
4. Atlās, Atlantis, Atlas
5. auris, auris, ear
6. avis, avis, bird
7. calamitās, calamitātis, f., calamity
8. calor, calōris, m., heat
9. canis, canis, m. and f., dog
10. carcer, carceris, m., prison
4. I-stems in oblique forms are easily reconstructed. We have only to drop the case and add successively is, ēs and es and check the dictionary.
Exercise 4.
Predict the 1st principal part based on these 2nd principal parts and confirm your prediction by checking the dictionary.
1. collis
2. vulpis
3. vātis
4. amussis
5. neptis
6. sēdis
7. maris
CHAPTER 8: parse
1. When we know what declension a noun belongs to and what its DF is, we are ready to parse it.
2. To parse a noun is to identify its case, number and gender.
3. In theory, case and number are separate: the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative are different from singular and plural. In reality, case and number fused. To prove this, look at the noun table. If in look at –am, you can see that –am is both accusative and singular; you cannot say that one part of –am marks the accusative and the other part marks the singular.
4. The procedure for parsing is to reduce an oblique noun is as follows.
1. Reduce to its dictionary form (DF).
2. Inspect 2nd principal part to determine declension-membership and gender from dictionary.
3. Parse oblique form based on declension membership.
4. Ex. Parse rēgī.
1. Rex.
2. Rēgis, i.e. 3rd decl.
3. Dat. sg. m.
|
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
|
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
|
a |
ae |
ae |
am |
ā |
ae |
ārum |
īs |
ās |
īs |
|
us |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
er |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
um |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
a |
īs |
|
? |
is |
ī |
em |
e, ī |
ēs |
um |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
is, ēs, es, e, ? |
is |
ī |
em, im |
e, ī |
ēs |
ium |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
? |
is |
ī |
? |
e, ī |
(i)a |
um |
ibus |
(i)a |
ibus |
|
us |
ūs |
uī |
um |
ū |
ūs |
uum |
ubus |
ūs |
ubus |
|
ēs |
eī |
eī |
em |
ē |
ēs |
ērum |
ēbus |
ēs |
ēbus |
Example.
After verifying that regī is a third declension noun, we look in the 3rd declension c-stem column for –ī, then proceed to the right end of that row, where we find that regī is dative singular.
Exercise. Parse. Give all possible parses.
1. poētīs
2. Perseō
3. Perseus
4. fīlius
5. Iovis
6. deōrum
7. avus
8. Acrisius
9. Perseum
10. nepōtem
11. ōrāculum
12. puerum
13. infantem
14. mātre
15. arcā
16. arcam
17. mare
18. Perseī
19. māter
20. tempestās
21. sinū
22. mātris
23. Alcmēnae
24. Graeciā
25. hominum
26.
27. deōrum
28. Alcmēnam
29. serpentīs
30. nocte
31. cubiculum
32. Alcmēnae
33. frātre
34. scūtō
35. serpentēs
36. scūtum
37. puerī
38. somnō
CHAPTER 9: CONSTRUE
After you have parsed a noun, you must construe it, i.e., assign it a construction. A construction is an interpretation of the noun’s role in the sentence. Latin, like English, has several constructions, with which we will concern ourselves with only a few at first.
The most important interpretations are as follows.
Subject (S): Focus of sentence or doer of action.
Possessor (POSS): Owner of something.
Indirect Object (IO): Recipient or beneficiary of something.
Direct Object (DO): Something that undergoes change in place or state.
Dustbin (DB): None of the above.
The constructions are assigned based on the case. To do so, simply use the table furnished below.
|
CASE |
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
|
NUMBER |
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
|
CONSTRUCTION |
S |
POSS |
IO |
DO |
DB |
S |
POSS |
IO |
DO |
DB |
|
1ST |
a |
ae |
ae |
am |
ā |
ae |
ārum |
īs |
ās |
īs |
|
2ND
M. |
us |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
2ND -R |
er |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
2ND
N. |
um |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
a |
īs |
|
3RD C. |
? |
is |
ī |
em |
e, ī |
ēs |
um |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
3RD I-STEM |
is, ēs, es, e, ? |
is |
ī |
em, im |
e, ī |
ēs |
ium |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
3RD N. |
? |
is |
ī |
? |
e, ī |
(i)a |
um |
ibus |
(i)a |
ibus |
|
4TH |
us |
ūs |
uī |
um |
ū |
ūs |
uum |
ubus |
ūs |
ubus |
|
5TH |
ēs |
eī |
eī |
em |
ē |
ēs |
ērum |
ēbus |
ēs |
ēbus |
Caveats.
a. Latin was a living language, so tidy summaries like the table above will not be infallibly correct.
b. The vocative is not included as only one declension has a vocative distinct from the nominative, the 2nd declension masculine nouns in -us, whose vocative is -e. Therefore, Marce (Hey, Mark!) is the vocative of Marcus. However, agricola is the vocative of agricola, vir is the vocative of vir, urbs is the vocative of urbs etc.
c. The constructions are best thought of as neighborhoods. E.g., a given noun might be a subject, but could also be the predicate nominative, the essive, the vocative etc. When we begin reading Perseus, we will meet up with other constructions.
Exercise 1. Construe the numbered words.
He(1) gave him(2) their(3) present(4).
The student’s(5) book(6) was left in the field(7).
The early bird(8) gets the worm(9).
The cab-driver(10) opened the door(11) for everyone(12).
A good time(13) was had by all parties(14).
In eldest time(15), e’er mortals(16) writ or read,
E’er Pallas(17) issued from the Thunderer’s(18) head(19),
Dulness(20) o’er all(21) possessed her(22) ancient right(23),
Daughter(24) of Chaos(25) and eternal Night(26):
Fate(27) in their dotage(28) this fair idiot(29) gave,
Gross as her sire, and as her mother grave,
Laborious, heavy, busy, bold, and blind,
She(30) ruled, in native anarchy(31), the mind(32).
Still her old empire(33) to restore she(34) tries,
For, born a goddess, Dulness(35) never dies.
Construe.
1. poētīs
2. Perseō
3. Perseus
4. fīlius
5. Iovis
6. deōrum
7. avus
8. Acrisius
9. Perseum
10. nepōtem
11. ōrāculum
12. puerum
13. infantem
14. mātre
15. arcā
16. arcam
17. mare
18. Perseī
19. māter
20. tempestās
21. sinū
22. mātris
23. Alcmēnae
24. Graeciā
25. hominum
26.
27. deōrum
28. Alcmēnam
29. serpentīs
30. nocte
31. cubiculum
32. Alcmēnae
33. frātre
34. scūtō
35. serpentēs
36. scūtum
37. puerī
38. somnō
CHAPTER 11: TRANSLATE
The ending of the noun determines its parse; its parse determines its construction; its construction determines its translation. The ghost translation next to each construction is designed to help you figure out how to translate, but it is up to you to determine the best translation.
|
construction |
TRANSLATION |
|
|
S |
~ |
|
|
POSS |
of ~ |
~’s |
|
IO |
to ~ |
for ~ |
|
DO |
~ |
|
|
DB |
[from,
with, in, by] ~ |
|
|
… |
~! |
|
|
S |
~s |
|
|
POSS |
of ~s |
~s’ |
|
IO |
to ~s |
for ~s |
|
DO |
~s |
|
|
DB |
[from,
with, in, by] ~s |
|
In the table below, … stands for from, with, in or by if no preposition precedes the noun.
Ex1. Nocte: “by night.”
Ex2. In nocte: “in the night.”
Ex3. Gladiō: “with a sword.”
Ex4. Sine gladiō: “without a sword.”
Here is the final noun table.
|
CASE |
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
NOM |
GEN |
DAT |
ACC |
ABL |
|
NUMBER |
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
SG |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
PL |
|
CONSTRUCTION |
S |
POSS |
IO |
DO |
DB |
S |
POSS |
IO |
DO |
DB |
|
GHOST TRANSL. |
- |
of
- |
to
- |
- |
… - |
-s |
of
-s |
to
-s |
-s |
… -s |
|
1st |
a |
ae |
ae |
am |
ā |
ae |
ārum |
īs |
ās |
īs |
|
2nd m. |
us |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
2nd -r |
er |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
ōs |
īs |
|
2nd n. |
um |
ī |
ō |
um |
ō |
ī |
ōrum |
īs |
a |
īs |
|
3rd |
? |
is |
ī |
em |
e, ī |
ēs |
um |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
3rd i-stem |
is, ēs, es, e, ? |
is |
ī |
em, im |
e, ī |
ēs |
ium |
ibus |
ēs, īs |
ibus |
|
3rd n. |
? |
is |
ī |
? |
e, ī |
(i)a |
um |
ibus |
(i)a |
ibus |
|
4th |
us |
ūs |
uī |
um |
ū |
ūs |
uum |
ubus |
ūs |
ubus |
|
5th |
ēs |
eī |
eī |
em |
ē |
ēs |
ērum |
ēbus |
ēs |
ēbus |
Caveats on the Ghost Translation.
The Ghost Translations err wildly on the side of simplification. The student of Latin must juggle the style and century of the author, the genre of literature, the context (the sentence, the document) etc. in order to select the best translation.
Example 1. Rex is construed as S and its definition is “king.” How is rex translated? If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “king,” “a king” or “the king.”
Example 2. Rēgis is construed as POSS. How is it translated? If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “kings” or “the kings.”
Example 3. Rēgī is construed as IO. How is it translated? If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “to king,” “to a king,” “to the king,” “for king,” “for a king,” “for the king.”
Example 4. Rēgem is construed as DO. How is it translated? If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “king,” “a king” or “the king.”
Example 5. Rēge is construed as DB. How is it translated?
If there is no preposition in front of it, we translate as “from/with/in/by king,” “from/with/in/by a king” or “from/with/in/by the king.” Eventually we have to choose one of the prepositions.
If there is a preposition, we use it and translate rēge as “king,” “a king” or “the king.”
Furthermore, note that in tempestāte means “in the storm.” However, gladiō means “with a sword,” cupidiāte means “by desire,” noctu means “at night,” etc. How do you know which is the right translation? There are no rules; you can only guess, ask your teacher or look in a dictionary.
Translate.
1. poētīs
2. Perseō
3. Perseus
4. fīlius
5. Iovis
6. deōrum
7. avus
8. Acrisius
9. Perseum
10. nepōtem
11. ōrāculum
12. puerum
13. infantem
14. mātre
15. arcā
16. arcam
17. mare
18. Perseī
19. māter
20. tempestās
21. sinū
22. mātris
23. Alcmēnae
24. Graeciā
25. hominum
26.
27. deōrum
28. Alcmēnam
29. serpentīs
30. nocte
31. cubiculum
32. Alcmēnae
33. frātre
34. scūtō
35. serpentēs
36. scūtum
37. puerī
38. somnō
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