EXCURSUS ON THE ENGLISH PAST TENSE AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE

1.  The past tense in English denotes action performed previous to past tense utterance.

2.  English uses many ways of forming the past tense.
 
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank with the past tense of the indicated verb.
1.  bend:  He ____ the stick.
2.  build:  He ____ the house.
3.  have:  He ____ a cow.
4.  make:  He ____ the bed.
5.  cling:  He ____ to hope.
6.  keep:  He ____ talking.
7.  leave:  He ____ town.
8.  bet:  He ____ a lot of money.
9.  stand:  He ____ at attention.
10. grow:  The tree ____.
11.  lead:  He ____ them to the treasure.
 
3.  The perfect passive participle is an odder creature; native speakers of English sometimes struggle with it.  Latin is much easier.
 
Exercise 2
Form the perfect passive participle by filling in the blank.
1.  spin:  The top was ____.
2.  wind:  The toy had been ____ up.
3.  light:  A fire had been ____.
4.  cut:  The wood has been ____. 
5.  mow:  The lawn has been ____.
6.  sew:  The case had been ____ up.
7.  show:  He has been ____ the door.
8.  freeze:  The stream was ____.
9.  feed:  The cats were ____.
10.  throw:  He had been ____ a frisbee.
11.  do:  A lot has been ____.
12.  drink:  The water had been ____ up.

CHAPTER 15: THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF ALL 285 FORMS OF THE VERB

 1.  Latin dictionaries do not list all possible forms; they give only four forms.  These forms are called the Principal PARTS (p-parts). 

2.  The p-parts are named after the ordinal numbers (first, second, third, fourth).

3.  If we have the p-parts of a verb, we can use them to predict the other 285 forms of that verb. 

1^st amō   
amās           
amat            
amāmus      
amātis         
amant         
amābam       
amābās        
amābat        
amābāmus  
amābātis     
amābant      
amābō         
amābis        
amābit         
amābimus   
amābitis      
amābunt      
3^rd amāvī 
amāvistī       
amāvit
amāvimus
amāvistis
amāvērunt
amāvēre
amāveram
amāverās
amāverat
amāverāmus
amāverātis
amāverant
amāverō
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament
amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent
amāverim
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent
amā
amāte
amātō
amātōte
amantō
amantōte
2^nd amāre
amāvisse
amāns
amātūrus esse
amātūrus
amandī
amandō
amandum
amandō
amātum
amātū
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur
amābar
amābāris
amābāre
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāmini
amābantur
amābor
amāberis
amābere
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur
amātus sum
amātus es
amātus est
amātī sumus
amātī estis
amātī sunt
amātus eram
amātus erās
amātus erat
amātī erāmus
amātī erātis
amātī erant
amātus erō
amātus eris
amātus erit
amātī erimus
amātī eritis
amātī erunt
amer
amēris
amēre
amētur
amēmur
amēmini
amentur
amārer
amārēris
amārēre
amārētur
amārēmur
amārēminī
amārentur
amātus sim
amātus sīs
amātus sit
amātī sīmus
amāti sītis    
amāti sint    
amātus essem
amātus essēs
amātus esset
amātī essēmus
amātī essētis
amāti essent
amāre          
amāminī
amātor
amantor      
amārī           
amātus esse
4^th  amātus        
amātum īrī   
amandus

 

CHAPTER 14: THE 285 FORMS OF THE LATIN VERB

1.  Depending on how you count them, most verbs in Latin have 285 forms. 

2.  Here are most but not all forms of amō (I love).

amō   
amās           
amat            
amāmus      
amātis         
amant         
amābam       
amābās        
amābat        
amābāmus  
amābātis     
amābant      
amābō         
amābis        
amābit         
amābimus   
amābitis      
amābunt      
amāvī 
amāvistī       
amāvit
amāvimus
amāvistis
amāvērunt
amāvēre
amāveram
amāverās
amāverat
amāverāmus
amāverātis
amāverant
amāverō
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament
amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent
amāverim
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent
amā
amāte
amātō
amātōte
amantō
amantōte
amāre
amāvisse
amāns
amātūrus esse
amātūrus
amandī
amandō
amandum
amandō
amātum
amātū
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur
amābar
amābāris
amābāre
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāmini
amābantur
amābor
amāberis
amābere
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur
amātus sum
amātus es
amātus est
amātī sumus
amātī estis
amātī sunt
amātus eram
amātus erās
amātus erat
amātī erāmus
amātī erātis
amātī erant
amātus erō
amātus eris
amātus erit
amātī erimus
amātī eritis
amātī erunt
amer
amēris
amēre
amētur
amēmur
amēmini
amentur
amārer
amārēris
amārēre
amārētur
amārēmur
amārēminī
amārentur
amātus sim
amātus sīs
amātus sit
amātī sīmus
amāti sītis    
amāti sint    
amātus essem
amātus essēs
amātus esset
amātī essēmus
amātī essētis
amāti essent
amāre          
amāminī
amātor
amantor      
amārī           
amātus esse
amātus        
amātum īrī   
amandus

CHAPTER 13: TRANSLATE

The ending of the noun determines its parse; its parse determines its construction; its construction determines its translation.  The ghost translation next to each construction is designed to give you a rough idea of how to translate, but it is up to you to determine the best translation.   

construction	GHOST TRANSLATION
	SG	PL
S	~	~s
POSS	of ~	of ~s
IO	to/for ~	to/for ~s
DO	~	~s
DB	... ~	... ~s

… = From, with, in or by if no preposition precedes the noun.
Ex1.  Nocte:  “by night.”
Ex2.  In nocte:  “in the night.”
Ex3.  Gladiō:  “with a sword.”
Ex4.  Sine gladiō:  “without a sword.”
Ex5.  Porcī:  “of the pig,” “pigs.”
Ex6.  Puero:  “to/for the/a boy.” 
 

1st	2nd (m.)	2nd (n.)	3rd	3rd	3rd (n.)	4th	5th	case	no.	construction	translation
a	us	um	*	is	*	us	ēs	nom.	sg.	S	~
ae	ī	ī	is	is	is	ūs	eī	gen.	sg.	POSS	of ~
ae	ō	ō	ī	ī	ī	uī	eī	dat.	sg.	IO	to ~
am	um	um	em	em	*	um	em	acc.	sg.	DO	~
ā	ō	ō	e	ī (e)	e	ū	ē	abl.	sg.	DB	... ~
a	e	um	*	is	*	us	ēs	voc.	sg.	DA	~!
ae	ī	a	ēs	ēs	a	ūs	ēs	nom.	pl.	S	~s
ārum	ōrum	ōrum	um	ium	um	uum	ērum	gen.	pl.	POSS	of ~s
īs	īs	īs	ibus	ibus	ibus	ubus	ēbus	dat.	pl.	IO	to ~s
ās	ōs	a	ēs	ēs	a	ūs	ēs	acc.	pl.	DO	~s
īs	īs	īs	ibus	ibus	ibus	ubus	ēbus	abl.	pl.	DB	... ~s

Example 1.  Rex is construed as S and its definition is “king.” How is rex translated?  If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “king,” “a king” or “the king.”

Example 2.  Rēgis is construed as POSS.  How is it translated?  If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “kings” or “the kings.”

Example 3.  Rēgī is construed as IO.  How is it translated?  If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “to king,” “to a king,” “to the king,” “for king,” “for a king,” “for the king.”

Example 4.  Rēgem is construed as DO.  How is it translated?  If we fill in the tilda with the definition, we get “king,” “a king” or “the king.”

Example 5.  Rēge is construed as DB.  How is it translated? 
If there is no preposition in front of it, we translate as “from/with/in/by king,” “from/with/in/by a king” or “from/with/in/by the king.”  Eventually we have to choose one of the prepositions.
If there is a preposition, we use it and translate rēge as “king,” “a king” or “the king.”
Furthermore, note that gladiō means “with a sword,” cupiditāte means “by desire,” noctu means “at night,” etc.  How do you know which is the right translation?  There are no had and fast rules.  Eventually, you will notice patterns.  For instance, 
gladiō means “with a sword,” because a sword is an instrument.  However, rēge does not mean "with a king," because a king is not an instrument.  To say "with a king," we might say cum rēge.

Translate.  It does not matter whether you use the definite or indefinite article, as that will be determined by the whole sentence in which the word appears.
1.  poētīs 
2.  Perseō
3.  Perseus
4.  fīlius
5.  Iovis
6.  deōrum
7.  avus  
8.  Acrisius
9.  Perseum
10.  nepōtem
11.  ōrāculum
12.  puerum
13.  somnō
14.  mātre
15.  arcā
16.  arcam
17.  mare
18.  Perseī
19.  māter
20.  tempestās
21.  sinū
22.  mātris
23.  Alcmēnae
24.  Graeciā
25.  hominum
26.  rēgīna
27.  deōrum
28.  Alcmēnam
29.  serpentīs
30.  puerī
31.  cubiculum
32.  Alcmēnae
33.  frātre
34.  scūtō
35.  serpentēs
36.  scūtum