THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH TO LATIN VERBS BASED ON READING RITCHIE’S PERSEUS

 

CHAPTER 1:  THE 285 FORMS OF THE LATIN VERB

 

1.  Depending on how you count them, most verbs in Latin have 285 forms. 

2.  Here are most but not all forms of amō (I love).

amō   

amās           

amat            

amāmus      

amātis         

amant         

amābam       

amābās        

amābat        

amābāmus  

amābātis     

amābant      

amābō         

amābis        

amābit         

amābimus   

amābitis      

amābunt      

amāvī 

amāvistī       

amāvit

amāvimus

amāvistis

amāvērunt

amāvēre

amāveram

amāverās

amāverat

amāverāmus

amāverātis

amāverant

amāverō

amāveris

amāverit

amāverimus

amāveritis

amāverint

amem

amēs

amet

amēmus

amētis

ament

amārem

amārēs

amāret

amārēmus

amārētis

amārent

amāverim

amāveris

amāverit

amāverimus

amāveritis

amāverint

amāvissem

amāvissēs

amāvisset

amāvissēmus

amāvissētis

amāvissent

amā

amāte

amātō

amātōte

amantō

amantōte

amāre

amāvisse

amāns

amātūrus esse

amātūrus

amandī

amandō

amandum

amandō

amātum

amātū

amor

amāris

amātur

amāmur

amāminī

amantur

amābar

amābāris

amābāre

amābātur

amābāmur

amābāmini

amābantur

amābor

amāberis

amābere

amābitur

amābimur

amābiminī

amābuntur

amātus sum

amātus es

amātus est

amātī sumus

amātī estis

amātī sunt

amātus eram

amātus erās

amātus erat

amātī erāmus

amātī erātis

amātī erant

amātus erō

amātus eris

amātus erit

amātī erimus

amātī eritis

amātī erunt

amer

amēris

amēre

amētur

amēmur

amēmini

amentur

amārer

amārēris

amārēre

amārētur

amārēmur

amārēminī

amārentur

amātus sim

amātus sīs

amātus sit

amātī sīmus

amāti sītis    

amāti sint    

amātus essem

amātus essēs

amātus esset

amātī essēmus

amātī essētis

amāti essent

amāre          

amāminī

amātor

amantor      

amārī           

amātus esse

amātus        

amātum īrī   

amandus

 

 

CHAPTER 2:  THE PRINCIPLE PARTS OF ALL 285 FORMS OF THE VERB

 

1.  Latin dictionaries do not list all possible forms; they give only four forms.  These forms are called the Principal PARTS (p-parts). 

2.  The p-parts are named after the ordinal numbers (first, second, third, fourth).

3.  If we have the p-parts of a verb, we can use them to predict the other 268 forms of that verb. 

1ST amō   
amās           
amat            
amāmus      
amātis         
amant         
amābam       
amābās        
amābat        
amābāmus  
amābātis     
amābant      
amābō         
amābis        
amābit         
amābimus   
amābitis      
amābunt      
3RD amāvī 
amāvistī       
amāvit
amāvimus
amāvistis
amāvērunt
amāvēre
amāveram
amāverās
amāverat
amāverāmus
amāverātis
amāverant
amāverō
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament
amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent
amāverim
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent
amā
amāte
amātō
amātōte
amantō
amantōte
2ND amāre
amāvisse
amāns
amātūrus esse
amātūrus
amandī
amandō
amandum
amandō
amātum
amātū
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur
amābar
amābāris
amābāre
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāmini
amābantur
amābor
amāberis
amābere
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur
amātus sum
amātus es
amātus est
amātī sumus
amātī estis
amātī sunt
amātus eram
amātus erās
amātus erat
amātī erāmus
amātī erātis
amātī erant
amātus erō
amātus eris
amātus erit
amātī erimus
amātī eritis
amātī erunt
amer
amēris
amēre
amētur
amēmur
amēmini
amentur
amārer
amārēris
amārēre
amārētur
amārēmur
amārēminī
amārentur
amātus sim
amātus sīs
amātus sit
amātī sīmus
amāti sītis    
amāti sint    
amātus essem
amātus essēs
amātus esset
amātī essēmus
amātī essētis
amāti essent
amāre          
amāminī
amātor
amantor      
amārī           
amātus esse
4TH  amātus        
amātum īrī   
amandus

EXCURSUS ON THE ENGLISH PAST TENSE AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE
 
1.  The past tense in English denotes action performed previous to utterance.
2.  English uses many ways of forming the past tense.
 
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank with the past tense of the indicated verb.
1.  bend:  He ____ the stick.
2.  build:  He ____ the house.
3.  have:  He ____ a cow.
4.  make:  He ____ the bed.
5.  cling:  He ____ to hope.
6.  keep:  He ____ talking.
7.  leave:  He ____ town.
8.  bet:  He ____ a lot of money.
9.  stand:  He ____ at attention.
10. grow:  The tree ____.
11.  lead:  He ____ them to the treasure.
 
3.  The perfect passive participle is an odder creature; native speakers of English sometimes struggle with it.  Latin is much easier.
 
Exercise 2
Form the perfect passive participle by filling in the blank.
1.  spin:  The top was ____.
2.  wind:  The toy had been ____ up.
3.  light:  A fire had been ____.
4.  cut:  The wood has been ____. 
5.  mow:  The lawn has been ____.
6.  sew:  The case had been ____ up.
7.  show:  He has been ____ the door.
8.  freeze:  The stream was ____.
9.  feed:  The cats were ____.
10.  throw:  He had been ____ a frisbee.
 
CHAPTER 3:  HOW TO NAME AND TRANSLATE THE P-PARTS
1.  The first p-part is the lexical form (LF), because it is the one form of all 268 by which a verb is found in the dictionary.  (Lexical comes from lexicon, which means dictionary.)
 
Exercise 1.
Give the LF of each word.
1.  geese                                   
2.  oxen                                              
3.  sworn                                            
4.  boys                                              
5.  sat                                                   
 
2.  The 1^st p-part ends in ō.  A verb ending in ō is translated as “I ~.” 
3.  The 2^nd p-part ends in re. A verb ending in re is translated as “to ~.”
4.  The 3^rd p-part ends in ī. A verb ending in ī is translated as “I ~ed.”
5.  The 4^th p-part ends in us. A verb ending in us is translated as “~en.”
6.  The following table summarizes the facts.
 

P-PART	ENDING	TRANSLATION
FIRST	ō	“I ~”
SECOND	re	“to ~”
THIRD	ī	“I ~ed”
FOURTH	us	“~en”

 
 
Exercise 2
Name the p-part. 
Ex.  Appellāre is the 2^nd p-part.
1.  turbāvī                                           7.  appellāre  
2.  narrāvī                                           8.  inclūdĕre 
3.  dormiō                                           9.  comprehendī
4.  necātus                                          10.  amō 
5.  cōniectus                                       11.  timēre
6.  terreō
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercise 3
Translate each p-part.  Do not inclūde words in parentheses.
1.  abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2.  abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3.  abeō, abīre, abiī, go away
4.  abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5.  abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6.  abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7.  abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8.  absum, abesse, āfuī, be away
9.  absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10.  accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
11.  accidō, accidere, accidī, happen
12.  accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive
13.  accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitus, lie down (at table).
14.  accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursus, run to
15.  adamō, adamāre, adamāvī, adamātus, fall in love with
16.  addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus, bring
17.  adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach
18.  adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring
19.  adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, afflict
20.  adflīgō, adflīgere, adflīxi, adflīctus, dash to, shatter
 
Exercise 4
Translate each p-part. 
1.  adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitus, show
2.  adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw
3.  adimō, adimere, adēmī, adēmptus, take away
4.  adiungo, adiungere, adiūnxī, adiūnctus, join
5.  adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, adligātus, bind
6.  addīcō, addīcere, admīsī, admissus, say to, admit; allow
7.  adstō, adstāre, adstitī, stand at or near
8.  adūrō, adūrere, adūssī, adūstus, set fire to
9.  adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventus, arrive
10.  aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus, build
 
Exercise 5
Name the p-part.
1.  aperiō
2.  āvectus
3.  appulī
4.  appropinquāre
5.  ārsus
6.  appōnō
7.  audeō
8.  abstulī
9.  appetītus
10.  appellāre
 
Exercise 6
Identify the LFs from Exercises 2 and 5.
 
 
 
CHAPTER 4:  HOW TO IDENTIFY CONJUGATION MEMBERSHIP
 
The Latin verbs are grouped according to the present active infinitive (i.e., the ending of the 2^nd p-part).  Here is a table which predicts the conjugation to which any verb belongs based on its present active infinitive.
 

2ND P-PART ENDING	CONJUGATION
-āre	1st
-ēre	2nd
-ere	3rd
-īre	4th

 
Exercise
Identify conjugation membership.
A.  1.  abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, put away, hide
2.  abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, lead or take away
3.  abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away, depart
4.  abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5.  abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6.  abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut r off
7.  abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8.  absum, abesse, āfuī, be absent, be distant; be wanting
9.  absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, consume, destroy
10.  accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, kindle, light
 
B.  1.  accidō, accidere, accidī, fall upon; befall, happen
2.  accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive
3.  accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitus, lie down (at table).
4.  accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursus, run to, come up
5.  adamō, adamāre, adamāvī, adamātus, fall in love with
6.  addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductus, bring, take; induce, influence
7.  adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach
8.  adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring
9.  adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, do to, move, affect;
    visit, afflict
10.  adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw (to), hurl
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 5:  HOW TO FIND THE PRESENT STEM
 
1.  Every verb has a present stem.
2.  The present stem is found by removing the re from the second p-part (the present active infinitive).
 
Ex1.  The present stem of amāre is amā.
Ex2.  The present stem of terrēre is terrē.
Ex3.  The present stem of dormīre is dormī.
Ex4.  The present stem of comprehendere is comprehende.
Ex5.  The present stem of cōnicere is cōnicie.
 
3.  Notice that in Ex5 the present stem is found by removing the re and changing the e to ie.  This is done only when the 1^st p-part ends in io.
 
Exercise
What is the present stem?
1.  amō, amāre, love
2.  appellō, appellāre, call  
3.  comprehendō, comprehendĕre, seize
4.  cōniciō, cōnicere, toss
5.  dormiō, dormīre, sleep
6.  inclūdō, inclūdĕre, lock up
7.  narrō, narrāre, tell 
8.  nec
8.  necō, necāre, kill
9.  terreō, terrēre, scare
10.  timeō, timēre, fear
11.  turbō, turbāre, stir up
12.  ērigō, ērigere, ērēxī, ērēctus
13.  ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus
14.  ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvāsī, ēvāsus
15.  ēvānēscō, ēvānēscere, ēvānuī
16.  ēvomō, ēvomere, ēvomuī, ēvomitus
17.  exārdēscō, exārdēscere, exārsī, exārsus
18.  excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptus
19.  exclūdō, exclūdere, exclūsī, exclūsus
20.  exuō, exuere, exuī, exūtus
 

CHAPTER 6:  THE PRESENT TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the present active. 
2.  Here are examples of verbs from each conjugation in the present active.
 
1^ST CONJUGATION

damnō	I condemn
damnās	you condemn
damnat	he condemn
damnāmus	we condemn
damnātis	you condemn
damnant	they condemn

 
2^ND CONJUGATION

terreō	I scare
terrēs	you scare
terret	he scare
terrēmus	we scare
terrētis	you scare
terrent	they scare

 
3^RD CONJUGATION

dīcō	I say
dīcis	you say
dīcit	he says
dīcimus	we say
dīcitis	you say
dīcunt	they say

 
4^TH CONJUGATION

audiō	I hear
audīs	you hear
audit	he hears
audīmus	we hear
audītis	you hear
audiunt	they hear

 
3.  We may abstract from these examples the endings:
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
ō	1st sg. pres. act. ind.	I -
s	2nd sg. pres. act. ind.	you -
t	3rd sg. pres. act. ind.	he -s
mus	1st pl. pres. act. ind.	we -
tis	2nd pl. pres. act. ind.	you -
nt	3rd pl. pres. act. ind.	they -

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Narrant.
2.  Appellat.
3.  Necāmus.
4.  Comprehendit
5.  Timet.
6.  Inclūdit.
7.  Cōniciunt.
8.  Terrēs.
9.  Turbātis.
10.  Dormit.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  He is telling.
2.  You kill.
3.  She names.
4.  We seize.
5.  You (pl.) fear.
6.  We confine.
7.  He tosses.
8.  I scare.
9.  You are troubling.
10.  We are sleeping.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
ō	1st sg. pres. act. ind.	I -
s	2nd sg. pres. act. ind.	you -
t	3rd sg. pres. act. ind.	he -s
mus	1st pl. pres. act. ind.	we -
tis	2nd pl. pres. act. ind.	you -
nt	3rd pl. pres. act. ind.	they -

 
CHAPTER 6:  THE PRESENT TENSE ………….. AUXILIARY
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Veniō.
2.  Habēs.
3.  Dīcō.
4.  Facimus.
5.  Vidētis.
6.  Audīmus.
7.  Amātis.
8.  Capis.
9.  Tenet.
10.  Venītis.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  Habet.
2.  Dīcīs.
3.  Faciunt.
4.  Vidēs.
5.  Audiō.
6.  Amat.
7.  Capitis.
8.  Tenēs.
9.  Veniunt.
10.  Habent.
 
Vocabulary
veniō, I come
habeō, I have
dīcō, I say
faciō, I do, make
videō, I see
audiō, I hear
amō, I kill
capiō, I take
teneō, I hold
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
ō	1st sg. pres. act. ind.	I -
s	2nd sg. pres. act. ind.	you -
t	3rd sg. pres. act. ind.	he -s
mus	1st pl. pres. act. ind.	we -
tis	2nd pl. pres. act. ind.	you -
nt	3rd pl. pres. act. ind.	they -

 
CHAPTER 7:  THE IMPERFECT TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the imperfect active.
2.  The imperfect tense indicates action that is incomplete and in the past.  Often we may choose either “was/were -ing” or simply “-ed.”
3.  Here are examples of the imperfect indicative active.
                       

damnābam	I was condemning
damnābās	you were condemning
damnābat	he was condemning
damnābāmus	we were condemning
damnābātis	you were condemning
damnābant	they were condemning

 

terrēbam	I was scaring
terrēbās	you were scaring
terrēbat	he was scaring
terrēbāmus	we were scaring
terrēbātis	you were scaring
terrēbānt	they were scaring

 

dīcēbam	I was saying
dīcēbās	you were saying
dīcēbat	he was saying
dīcēbāmus	we were saying
dīcēbātis	you were saying
dīcēbant	they were saying

 

audiēbam	I was hearing
audiēbās	you were hearing
audiēbat	he was hearing
audiēbāmus	we were hearing
audīēbātis	you were hearing
audiēbant	they were hearing

 
4.  We abstract from these examples the following table.
 

ENDINGS	PARSE	TRANSLATION
bam	1st sg. impf. act. ind.	I was -ing
bās	2nd sg. impf. act. ind.	you were -ing
bat	3rd sg. impf. act. ind.	he was -ing
bāmus	1st pl. impf. act. ind.	we were -ing
bātis	2nd pl. impf. act. ind.	you were -ing
bant	3rd pl. impf. act. ind.	they were -ing

 
 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Narrābant.
2.  Appellābāmus.
3.  Necābātis.
4.  Comprehendēbās.
5.  Timēbat.
6.  Inclūdēbam.
7.  Cōniciēbat.
8.  Terrēbātis.
9.  Turbābant.
10.  Dormiēbat.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  They were sleeping.
2.  You were telling.
3.  We were scaring.
4.  He used to kill.
5.  I began to toss.
6.  They were in the habit of seizing.
7.  He used to fear.
8.  It was troubling.
9.  We started naming.
10.  I began to confine.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scare
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 

ENDINGS	PARSE	TRANSLATION
bam	1st sg. impf. act. ind.	I was -ing
bās	2nd sg. impf. act. ind.	you were -ing
bat	3rd sg. impf. act. ind.	he was -ing
bāmus	1st pl. impf. act. ind.	we were -ing
bātis	2nd pl. impf. act. ind.	you were -ing
bant	3rd pl. impf. act. ind.	they were -ing

 
CHAPTER 8:  THE FUTURE TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the future active indicative.
2.  The future active is formed in two ways.
3.  1^st and 2^nd conjugation verbs form the future as follows.
 

damnābō	I will condemn
damnābis	you will condemn
damnābit	he will condemn
damnābimus	we will condemn
damnābitis	you will condemn
damnābunt	they will condemn

 

terrēbō	I will scare
terrēbis	you will scare
terrēbit	he will scare
terrēbimus	we will scare
terrēbitis	you will scare
terrēbunt	they will scare

 
11.  3^rd and 4^th conjugation verbs form the future as follows.
 

dīcam	I will say
dīcēs	you will say
dīcet	he will say
dīcēmus	we will say
dīcētis	you will say
dīcent	they will say

 

audiam	I will hear
audiēs	you will hear
audiet	he will hear
audiēmus	we will hear
audiētis	you will hear
audient	they will hear

 
 12.  These examples may be reduced to the following table.
 

ENDING		TRANSLATION	PARSE
1st & 2nd	3rd & 4th
-bō	-am	I will -	1st sg. fut. act. ind.
-bis	-ēs	you will -	2nd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bit	-et	he will -	3rd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bimus	-ēmus	we will -	1st pl. fut. act. ind.
-bitis	-ētis	you will -	2nd pl. fut. act. ind.
-bunt	-ent	they will -	3rd pl. fut. act. ind.

 

Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Turbābunt.
2.  Terrēbitis.
3.  Inclūdam.
4.  Narrābunt.
5.  Cōniciēs.
6.  Appellābimus.
7.  Timēbit.
8.  Necābitis.
9.  Dormient.
10.  Comprehendēs.
11.  Inclūdet.
12.  Dormiet.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  They will sleep.
2.  You will tell.
3.  We will scare.
4.  He will kill.
5.  I will toss.
6.  They will seize.
7.  He will fear.
8.  It will trouble.
9.  We will name.
10.  I will confine.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name               inclūdō, I confine            timeō, I fear
comprehendō, I seize      narrō, I tell                      turbō, I trouble
cōniciō, I toss                  necō, I kill
dormiō, I sleep                terreō, I scare
 

ENDING		TRANSLATION	PARSE
1st & 2nd	3rd & 4th
-bō	-am	I will -	1st sg. fut. act. ind.
-bis	-ēs	you will -	2nd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bit	-et	he will -	3rd sg. fut. act. ind.
-bimus	-ēmus	we will -	1st pl. fut. act. ind.
-bitis	-ētis	you will -	2nd pl. fut. act. ind.
-bunt	-ent	they will -	3rd pl. fut. act. ind.

 
 
 
CHAPTER 9: THE PRESENT PASSIVE TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the present active. 
2.  Here are examples of verbs from each conjugation in the present active.
 
1^ST CONJUGATION

damnor	I am condemned
damnāris	you are condemned
damnātur	he is condemned
damnāmur	we are condemned
damnāminī	you are condemned
damnantur	they are condemned

 
2^ND CONJUGATION

terreor	I am scared
terrēris	you are scared
terrētur	he is scared
terrēmur	we are scared
terrēminī	you are scared
terrentur	they are scared

 
3^RD CONJUGATION

dīcor	I am said
dīceris	you are said
dīcitur	he is said
dīcimur	we are said
dīciminī	you are said
dīcuntur	they are said

 
4^TH CONJUGATION

audior	I am heard
audīris	you are heard
audītur	he is heard
audīmur	we are heard
audīminī	you are heard
audiuntur	they are heard

 
3.  We may abstract from these examples the endings:
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
or	1st sg. pres. pass. ind.	I am -ed
ris	2nd sg. pres. pass. ind.	you are -ed
tur	3rd sg. pres. pass. ind.	he is -ed
mur	1st pl. pres. pass. ind.	we are -ed
minī	2nd pl. pres. pass. ind.	you are -ed
ntur	3rd pl. pres. pass. ind.	they are -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Inclūderis.
2.  Comprehenditur.
3.  Necāminī.
4.  Narrantur.
5.  Timēris.
6.  Appellāmur.
7.  Cōnicimur.
8.  Inclūdor.
9.  Terrēminī.
10.  Turbātur.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  I am confined.
2.  You are told.
3.  We are scared.
4.  He is killed.
5.  They are tossed.
6.  They are seized.
7.  She is feared.
8.  It is troubled.
9.  You are named.
10.  You are confined.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scared
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
or	1st sg. pres. pass. ind.	I am -ed
ris	2nd sg. pres. pass. ind.	you are -ed
tur	3rd sg. pres. pass. ind.	he is -ed
mur	1st pl. pres. pass. ind.	we are -ed
minī	2nd pl. pres. pass. ind.	you are -ed
ntur	3rd pl. pres. pass. ind.	they are -ed

 
 

CHAPTER 10: THE IMPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the imperfect passive.
2.  Here are examples of the imperfect passive.
                   

damnābar	I was condemned
damnābāris	you were condemned
damnābātur	he was condemned
damnābāmur	we were condemned
damnābāminī	you were condemned
damnābantur	they were condemned

 

terrēbar	I was scared
terrēbāris	you were scared
terrēbātur	he was scared
terrēbāmur	we were scared
terrēbāminī	you were scared
terrēbāntur	they were scared

 

dīcēbar	I was said
dīcēbāris	you were said
dīcēbātur	he was said
dīcēbāmur	we were said
dīcēbāminī	you were said
dīcēbantur	they were said

 

audiēbar	I was heard
audiēbāris	you were heard
audiēbātur	he was heard
audiēbāmur	we were heard
audiēbāminī	you were heard
audiēbantur	they were heard

 
3.  We abstract from these examples the following table.
 

ENDINGS	PARSE	TRANSLATION
bar	1st sg. impf. pass. ind.	I was -ed
bāris	2nd sg. impf. pass. ind.	you were -ed
bātur	3rd sg. impf. pass. ind.	he was -ed
bāmur	1st pl. impf. pass. ind.	we were -ed
bāminī	2nd pl. impf. pass. ind.	you were -ed
bantur	3rd pl. impf. pass. ind.	they were -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Narrābantur.
2.  Appellābāmur.
3.  Necābāminī.
4.  Comprehendēbāris.
5.  Timēbātur.
6.  Inclūdēbar.
7.  Cōniciēbātur.
8.  Terrēbāminī
9.  Turbābantur.
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  They were confined.
2.  You were told.
3.  We were scared.
4.  He was killed.
5.  I began to be tossed.
6.  They were in the habit of being seized.
7.  He was feared.
8.  It was troubled.
9.  We were named.
10.  I was confined.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scared
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 

ENDINGS	PARSE	TRANSLATION
bar	1st sg. impf. pass. ind.	I was -ed
bāris	2nd sg. impf. pass. ind.	you were -ed
bātur	3rd sg. impf. pass. ind.	he was -ed
bāmur	1st pl. impf. pass. ind.	we were -ed
bāminī	2nd pl. impf. pass. ind.	you were -ed
bantur	3rd pl. impf. pass. ind.	they were -ed

 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 11: THE FUTURE PASSIVE TENSE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the future passive indicative.
2.  Here are examples of the future passive.
 

damnābor	I will be condemned
damnāberis	you will be condemned
damnābitur	he will be condemned
damnābimur	we will be condemned
damnābiminī	you will be condemned
damnābuntur	they will be condemned

 

terrēbor	I will be scared
terrēberis	you will be scared
terrēbitur	he will be scared
terrēbimur	we will be scared
terrēbiminī	you will be scared
terrēbuntur	they will be scared

 

dīcar	I will be said
dīcēris	you will be said
dīcētur	he will be said
dīcēmur	we will be said
dīcēminī	you will be said
dīcentur	they will be said

 

audiar	I will be heard
audiēris	you will be heard
audiētur	he will be heard
audiēmur	we will be heard
audiēminī	you will be heard
audientur	they will be heard

 
3.  We abstract from these examples the following table.
 

FORMs		PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
1st & 2nd	3rd & 4th
bor	ar	1st sg. fut. pass. ind.	I will be -ed
beris	ēris	2nd sg. fut. pass. ind.	you will be -ed
bitur	ētur	3rd sg. fut. pass. ind.	he will be -ed
bimur	ēmur	1st pl. fut. pass. ind.	we will be -ed
biminī	ēminī	2nd pl. fut. pass. ind.	you will be -ed
buntur	entur	3rd pl. fut. pass. ind.	they will be -ed

 
 
 
 
 
                       

FORMs		PARSE	TRANSLATION GHOST
1st & 2nd	3rd & 4th
bor	ar	1st sg. fut. pass. ind.	I will be -ed
beris	ēris	2nd sg. fut. pass. ind.	you will be -ed
bitur	ētur	3rd sg. fut. pass. ind.	he will be -ed
bimur	ēmur	1st pl. fut. pass. ind.	we will be -ed
biminī	ēminī	2nd pl. fut. pass. ind.	you will be -ed
buntur	entur	3rd pl. fut. pass. ind.	they will be -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Necābiminī.
2.  Comprehendēris.
3.  Narrābuntur.
4.  Turbābuntur.
5.  Terrēbiminī.
6.  Cōniciētur.
7.  Inclūdar.
8.  Timēbitur.
9.  Appellābimur.
 
Vocabulary
appellō, I name
comprehendō, I seize
cōniciō, I toss
inclūdō, I confine
narrō, I tell
necō, I kill
terreō, I scared
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 12:  HOW TO FIND THE PERFECT STEM
 
1.  We recall from an earlier chapter that the 3^rd p-part ends in ī and is translated as “I ~ed.”
2.  The perfect stem is a modified version of the present stem.  There are several ways to modify the present stem in order to form the perfect stem.
3.  The best procedure is to inspect the 3^rd p-part and remove the ī.
 
Ex.  The principal parts of aedificō are aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus.  The third principal part is aedificāvī.  If we remove the ī, we obtain the perfect stem:  aedificāv.
 
Exercise 1
Identify the 3^rd p-part of each of the following verbs.
1.  abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2.  abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3.  abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away
4.  abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5.  abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6.  abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7.  abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8.  absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away
9.  absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10.  accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 13  THE PERFECT TENSE
 
1. On the perfect stem is formed the perfect indicative active.
 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
damnāvī	I (have) condemned
damnāvistī	you (have) condemned
damnāvit	he (has) condemned
damnāvimus	we (have) condemned
damnāvistis	you (have) condemned
damnāvērunt	they (have) condemned

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
terruī	I (have) scared
terruistī	you (have) scared
terruit	he (has) scared
terruimus	we (have) scared
terruistis	you (have) scared
terruērunt	they (have) scared

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
dīxī	I (have) said
dīxistī	you (have) said
dīxit	he (has) said
dīximus	we (have) said
dīxistis	you (have) said
dīxērunt	they (have) said

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
audīvī	I (have) heard
audīvistī	you (have) heard
audīvit	he (has) heard
audīvimus	we (have) heard
audīvistis	you (have) heard
audīvērunt	they (have) heard

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
2.  The following endings may be abstracted:
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION
ī	1st sg. pf. act. ind.	I (have) -ed
istī	2nd sg. pf. act. ind.	you (have) -ed
it	3rd sg. pf. act. ind.	he (has) -ed
imus	1st pl. pf. act. ind.	we (have) -ed
istis	2nd pl. pf. act. ind.	you (have) -ed
ērunt	3rd pl. pf. act. ind.	they (have) -ed

 
3.  Note that dīxī can be translated as “I said” or as “I have said,” but may not be translated as “I was saying.”  This is because the perfect denotes an action that is either happening at one point (“I said”) or being completed at one point (“I have said”).
 
4.  Note also that each of the examples above form the perfect stem differently.  The perfect stem is formed in several different ways:  we may find or v, u, s, ns, ss, x, ps, p, mps, lx or nx.  In some verbs the perfect stem is identical to the present stem.
 
5.  Rather than memorize perfect stem formations, it is much wiser to recognize perfect endings.
 
Exercise 1
Translate the 3^rd p-part.
1.  abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide (something)
2.  abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductus, take away
3.  abeō, abīre, abiī, abitūrus, go away
4.  abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectus, throw away
5.  abripiō, abripere, abripuī, abreptus, carry off
6.  abscīdō, abcīdere, abcīdī, abcīsus, cut off
7.  abscindō, abscindere, abscidī, abscissus, tear off
8.  absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away
9.  absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptus, destroy
10.  accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsus, light (a fire, e.g.)
 
Exercise 2                                          
Parse and translate.                          
1.  Abdidī.                                          
2.  Abdūxistī.                                     
3.  Abiit.                                             
4.  Abiēcit.                                          
5.  Abripuimus.                                 
6.  Abcīdistis.                                     
7.  Abscidērunt.                                 
8.  āfuī.                          
CHAPTER 14:  THE PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE
 
1.  On the present stem is formed the present imperative.
 
1^ST CONJUGATION

damnā	Condemn!
damnāte	Condemn!

 
2^ND CONJUGATION

terrē	Scare!
terrēte	Scare!

 
3^RD CONJUGATION

mitte	Send!
mittite	Send!

 
4^TH CONJUGATION

audī	Hear!
audīte	Hear!

 
2.  These may be reduced thus:
 

-ā	2nd sg. pres. act. impf.
-ē
-ĕ
-ī
-āte	2nd pl. pres. act. impf.
-ēte
-ĕte
-īte

 
Exercise
Parse and translate.
1.  Turbā!                        6.  Inclūdite!
2.  Turbāte!                     7.  Cōnicie!
3.  Timē!                          8.  Cōniciete!
4.  Timēte!                       9.  Dormī!
5.  Inclūde!                      10.  Dormīte!
 
Vocabulary
cōniciō, I toss
dormiō, I sleep
inclūdō, I confine
timeō, I fear
turbō, I trouble
 
 
 
CHAPTER 15:  THE PLUPERFECT TENSE
 
1.  The pluperfect indicative active is formed on the perfect stem.
 

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
damnāveram	I had condemned
damnāverās	you had condemned
damnāverat	he had condemned
damnāverāmus	we had condemned
damnāverātis	you had condemned
damnāverant	they had condemned

 

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
terrueram	I had scared
terruerās	you had scared
terruerat	he had scared
terruerāmus	we had scared
terruerātis	you had scared
terruerant	they had scared

 

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
dīxeram	I had said
dīxerās	you had said
dīxerat	he had said
dīxerāmus	we had said
dīxerātis	you had said
dīxerant	they had said

 

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
audīveram	I had heard
audīverās	you had heard
audīverat	he had heard
audīverāmus	we had heard
audīverātis	you had heard
audīverant	they had heard

 
2.  The following endings may be abstracted:

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION
eram	1st sg. plupf. act. ind.	I had -ed
erās	2nd sg. plupf. act. ind.	you had -ed
erat	3rd sg. plupf. act. ind.	he had -ed
erāmus	1st pl. plupf. act. ind.	we had -ed
erātis	2nd pl. plupf. act. ind.	you had -ed
erant	3rd pl. plupf. act. ind.	they had -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Acciderās.
2.  Accēperat.
3.  Accubueram.
4.  Accurrerāmus.
5.  Adamāverātis.
6.  Addūxerant.
 
Exercise 3
Translate each p-part.  Do not include words in parantheses.
1.  accidō, -cidere, -cidī, fall to or upon; befall, happen.
2.  accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus, take to oneself, receive,
    accept; hear; suffer.
3.  accumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, -cubitus, lie down (at table).
4.  accurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursus, run to, come up.
5.  adamō, -amāre, -amāvī, -amātus, feel love for, fall in love with.
6.  addūcō, -dūcere, -, -ductus, lead to, bring, take; induce,
    influence.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
CHAPTER 16:  THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
 
1.  The future perfect indicative active is formed on the perfect stem.
 

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
damnāverō	I will have condemned
damnāveris	you will have condemned
damnāverit	he will have condemned
damnāverimus	we will have condemned
damnāveritis	you will have condemned
damnāverint	they will have condemned

 

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
terruerō	I will have scared
terrueris	you will have scared
terruerit	he will have scared
terruerimus	we will have scared
terrueritis	you will have scared
terruerint	they will have scared

 

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
dīxerō	I will have said
dīxeris	you will have said
dīxerit	he will have said
dīxerimus	we will have said
dīxeritis	you will have said
dīxerint	they will have said

 

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
audīverō	I will have heard
audīveris	you will have heard
audīverit	he will have heard
audīverimus	we will have heard
audīveritis	you will have heard
audīverint	they will have heard

 
2.  The following endings may be abstracted:
 

ENDINGS	TRANSLATION	TRANSLATION
erō	1st sg. fut. pf. act. ind.	I will have -ed
eris	2nd sg. fut. pf. act. ind.	you will have -ed
erit	3rd sg. fut. pf. act. ind.	he will have -ed
erimus	1st pl. fut. pf. act. ind.	we will have -ed
eritis	2nd pl. fut. pf. act. ind.	you will have -ed
erint	3rd pl. fut. pf. act. ind.	they will have -ed

 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate.
1.  Adierint.
2.  Attuleris.
3.  Adfēcerimus.
4.  Adflīxerō.
5.  Adhibuerit.
6.  Adiēceritis.
 
Exercise 3
Parse all forms.
1.  adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus, go to, approach.
2.  adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring.
3.  adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectus, do to, move, affect;
    visit, afflict.
4.  adflīgō, adflīgere, adflīxi, adflīctus, dash to, shatter.
5.  adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitus, hold to, employ, show.
6.  adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectus, throw to, throw, hurl.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 17:  HOW TO FIND THE SUPINE STEM
 
1.  The perfect passive participle is the 4^th p-part.
2.  The 4^th p-part ends in us and is translated as “-ed.”
 
Exercise 1
Translate the perfect passive participles.
1.  cadō, cadere, cecidī, fall
2.  calefaciō, calefacere, calefēcī, calefactus, make hot
3.  cantō, cantāre, cantāvī, cantātus, sing
4.  capiō, capere, cēpī, captus, take
5.  carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptus, pluck
6.  caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautus, beware
7.  cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī, cēlātus, hide, conceal
8.  cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātus, dine
9.  cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsus, think
10.  cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētus, discern
11.  cingō, cingere, cinxī, cinctus, surround
12.  circumdō, circumdare, circumdedī, circumdatus, surround
13.  circumstō, circumstāre, circumstetī, stand around
 
3.  The supine stem is found by detaching us (or um) from the 4^th p-part.
 
Ex.  The supine stem of aedifico is found by detaching us from aedificātus:  aedificāt. 
 
Exercise 2
1.  clāmitō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātus, call out
2.  cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātus, think over
3.  cōgnōscō, cōgnōscere, cōgnōvī, cōgnitus, find out
4.  cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel
5.  cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus, encourage, exhort
6.  colō, colere, coluī, cultus, inhabit
7.  committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, commit, intrust
8.  commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtus, move, disturb
9.  comparō, comparāre, comparāvī, comparātus, prepare, collect
10.  compellō, compellere, compulī, compulsus, drive together, drive
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 18:  THE PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the future passive indicative.
 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
damnātus sum	I have been condemned
damnātus es	you have been condemned
damnātus est	he has been condemned
damnātī sumus	we have been condemned
damnātī estis	you have been condemned
damnātī sunt	they have been condemned

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
territus sum	I have been scared
territus es	you have been scared
territus est	he has been scared
territī sumus	we have been scared
territī estis	you have been scared
territī sunt	they have been scared

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
dictus sum	I have been said
dictus es	you have been said
dictus est	he has been said
dictī sumus	we have been said
dictī estis	you have been said
dictī sunt	they have been said

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
audītus sum	I have been heard
audītus es	you have been heard
audītus est	he has been heard
audītī sumus	we have been heard
audītī estis	you have been heard
audītī sunt	they have been heard

 
2.  The following endings may be abstracted:
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION
us sum	1st sg. pf. pass. ind.	I have been -ed
us es	2nd sg. pf. pass. ind.	you have been -ed
us est	3rd sg. pf. pass. ind.	he has been -ed
ī sumus	1st pl. pf. pass. ind.	we have been -ed
ī estis	2nd pl. pf. pass. ind.	you have been -ed
ī sunt	3rd pl. pf. pass. ind.	they have been -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate the 4^th p-part.
1.  adimō, adimere, adēmī, adēmptus, take away
2.  adiungo, adiungere, adiūnxī, adiūnctus, join to
3.  adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, adligātus, bind to
4.  admittō, admittere, admīsī, admissus, admit
5.  adūrō, adūrere, adūssī, adūstus, burn
6.  aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus, build
 
Exercise 2
Parse and translate.
1.  Adēmptus sum.
2.  Adiūnctus es.
3.  Adligātus est.
4.  Admissī sumus.
5.  Adūstī estis.
6.  Aedificātī sunt.
 
Exercise 3
Translate.
1.  I have been called out (clāmitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call out).
2.  You have been thought over (cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, consider, think over).
3.  He has been found out (cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, find out).
4.  We have been collected (cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect).
5.  You (pl.) have been intrusted (com-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, intrust).
6.  They have been disturbed (com-moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, disturb).
 
Exercise 4
1.  I have called out.
2.  you have thought over.
3.  He has found out.
4.  We have collected.
5.  You (pl.) have intrusted.
6.  They have disturbed.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER 19:  THE PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE
 
1.  The present stem is used to form the future passive indicative.
 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
damnātus eram	I had been condemned
damnātus erās	you had been condemned
damnātus erat	he has been condemned
damnātī erāmus	we had been condemned
damnātī erātis	you had been condemned
damnātī erant	they had been condemned

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
territus eram	I had been scared
territus erās	you had been scared
territus erat	he has been scared
territī erāmus	we had been scared
territī erātis	you had been scared
territī erant	they had been scared

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
dictus eram	I had been said
dictus erās	you had been said
dictus erat	he has been said
dictī erāmus	we had been said
dictī erātis	you had been said
dictī erant	they had been said

 

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE	TRANSLATION
audītus eram	I had been heard
audītus erās	you had been heard
audītus erat	he has been heard
audītī erāmus	we had been heard
audītī erātis	you had been heard
audītī erant	they had been heard

 
2.  The following endings may be abstracted:
 

ENDING	PARSE	TRANSLATION
us eram	1st sg. plupf. pass. ind.	I had been -ed
us erās	2nd sg. plupf. pass. ind.	you had been -ed
us erat	3rd sg. plupf. pass. ind.	he has been -ed
ī erāmus	1st pl. plupf. pass. ind.	we had been -ed
ī erātis	2nd pl. plupf. pass. ind.	you had been -ed
ī erant	3rd pl. plupf. pass. ind.	they had been -ed

 
 
Exercise 1
Parse and translate the 4^th p-part.   Cf. ch. 16 for vocabulary.
1.  Adēmptus eram.
2.  Adiūnctus erās.
3.  Adligātus erat.
4.  Admissī erāmus.
5.  Adūstusī erātis.
6.  Aedificātī erant.
 
Exercise 2
Translate.
1.  We had been called out (clāmitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call out).
2.  He had been thought over (cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, consider, think over).
3.  I had been found out (cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, find out).
4.  They had been collected (cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect).
5.  had been intrusted (committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, intrust).
6.  You (pl.) They had been disturbed (commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, disturb).